Strategic Evaluation of South West Airlines The WritePass Journal

Vital Evaluation of South West Airlines Presentation Vital Evaluation of South West Airlines ). The world of politics in the US has been negative for Southwest Airlines throughout the years because of solid campaigning in congress by supporters of adversary carriers against the company’s interests. In any case, Southwest Airlines has on various events won fights in court against rivals in the US courts. A significant political factor influencing the Southwest Airlines methodology is fear mongering. During the most recent decade, the danger of psychological warfare in regular citizen airplanes has negatively affected carrier industry in that it has expanded the air terminal expenses brought about because of extra safety efforts. Monetary components Airplane gets its fuel from oil; in this manner an ascent in the cost of oil has a significant effect upon Southwest Airlines’ gainfulness travel (Thompson and Gamble, 2012). The future patterns of oil costs are exceptionally capricious because of the political changes happening inside the Middle-East district, particularly the relations among US and Iran. Then again, the downturn in 2008 has had an ideal effect upon Southwest’s tasks. In spite of the fact that the client interest for air make a trip diminished because of cuts in close to home and costs of doing business over the US, the purchaser interest for low-tolls no nonsense Southwest Airline experienced a development because of a move in consumers’ inclinations towards less expensive, no-ornamentation carriers (Southwest, 2010). Concerning fiscal issues, since Southwest Airline works just inside US, consequently cash variances don't affect Southwest Airlines’ tasks. Social Factors Not at all like other low-toll and no-ornament aircrafts in the Europe, Southwest Airline has a solid duty towards client care. The aircraft has consistently embraced a client driven methodology for its administration and showcasing exercises (Campbell, 2010). Its client administrations work force are generally energized after going a stage forward in assuaging clients through bizarre strategies. Their endeavors are remunerated through acknowledgment and compensates, and are not rebuffed for actualizing their decision making ability (Thompson and Gamble, 2012). Innovative variables Mechanical improvements have both made new open doors just as dangers for Southwest Airlines. The development of remotely coordinating and vigorous correspondence other the web has furnished organizations with an option for visit voyaging. Then again, innovation has likewise furnished carrier industry with the chance to grow their effort legitimately to purchasers through web based business destinations. In reality Southwest Airlines was the main carrier organization to present ticketless travel and permits clients to reserve a spot online through its web based business site (Thompson and Gamble, 2012). Porter’s Five Forces Model To dissect the working condition of Southwest Airlines and assess the idea of the opposition Southwest Airline faces, a Porters Five Forces examination will be utilized, made by Porter E.M educator at Harvard University Business School. The five powers are as per the following: The bartering intensity of providers is high in the carrier business. For instance fuel is a significant contribution to an aircraft organization (it represents 40% of every single working cost) (Thompson and Gamble, 2012), and the organizations which give fuel will in general be huge, and henceforth have massive dealing power. Their bartering power is additionally upgraded because of the nonattendance of any practical fuel elective. In this way charging an exceptional cost by oil organizations is just common. Another reason for worry for the carrier business is the bartering intensity of airplane providers. The airplane producing organizations have an imposing business model as just two organizations exist in the business to be specific Airbus and Boeing. Dealing influence of purchasers is additionally high as the clients of carrier industry are continually searching for elective air make a trip organizations to get best an incentive for their cash. Furthermore, numerous other full assistance aircrafts are thinking about embracing an ease model for shorter courses without any ruffles, in this manner expanding decisions for clients (Mouawad, 2010). Serious Rivalry: Southwest Airlines’ nitty gritty model is been generally sought after by different long stretch, full-administration aircrafts inside US. In this manner, the carriers business is profoundly serious for Southwest Airline. Section Barriers; There are high boundaries to enter the aircraft business as it requires an enormous starting capital venture. Moreover, the carrier business is confronted with expanded rivalry and is not, at this point as worthwhile as before related to the value wars, along these lines making endurance hard for new participants. Substitutes: Although clients can change to go through train, mentors and vehicles, such travel modes are considered as awkward and the cost advantage is neither excessively significant. Accordingly, the danger of substitute is extremely low. Inner Analysis The asset base perspective on methodology underlines upon a company’s interior abilities in figuring methodologies to accomplish a reasonable upper hand in its market (Prahalad and Hamel, 1990). It manages the serious condition looked by an association through a back to front methodology. Coming up next are Southwest’s inner assets. The Combative and Can-do Culture at South West Southwest Airline has a solid contentious can-do demeanor imbued in its corporate culture. The company’s legitimate battle in its early stages created a solid ‘esprit de corps’ among the company’s representatives. With the media announcing Southwest Airlines challenges, the company’s workers were plainly mindful of the way that the carriers presence was on the line. As per Colleen Barrett, the difficulties looked by Southwest Airlines because of savage foes by adversaries and neighborhood authorities were instrumental in building the enthusiasm of Southwest workers and imbuing a contentious, can-do soul in the corporate culture (Thompson and Gamble, 2012). Southwest’s Leadership and Management One of the most praised pioneers of the organization was Herb Kelleher, under whose initiative the organization thrived for very nearly four decades, including its developmental battles. Kelleher wanted to do a great part of the administration from outside the workplace while being among the staff individuals. He was a decent audience, and an advocate of direct perception. He generally supported his staff members in playing out their obligations. He went to the majority of the graduation functions of his airline stewards classes and even helped load sacks on ‘Black Fridays’. He was exceptionally aggressive and had an ostentatious way of life; the two of which were reflected in the company’s activities and the executives. Shockingly, Kelleher was a disciple of conservatism when it went to the money related side of the business (Thompson and Gamble, 2012). Much was the future administration of the organization was straightforwardly coached by Kelleher himself.â For example, James parker (CEO 2001 †2004) was related with Kelleher with over 23 years. Kelleher and Parker were considered to think a lot of the same. Additionally, Colleen Barrette (President 2001 †2008) was likewise connected with Kelleher and the organization for over two decades. Both these official likewise followed Kelleher strides in investing the vast majority of their energy in culture building, assurance building and client care. Gerry Kelly (CEO 2004 †Onwards) further propelled the corporate culture by through an unflinching concentration upon triple primary concern of Performance, People, and Planet (Thompson and Gamble, 2012). Human Resource Management Herb Kelleher was a solid devotee to the rule that if an organization keeps its workers cheerful, its representatives will consequently keep its client glad. In this way, he battled that the workers not the clients started things out. Kelleher knew a great many representatives by their name. Similarly, Colleen Barrette, put a lot of endeavors in making a family like air inside the organization and set forth a system of contacts to keep in contact with every worker (Baum, 2006). The company’s corporate culture treats its representatives like a family, demanding their significant commitment towards having a fulfilled customer base. It sees its workers as the ‘creators’ of the organization. The organization has a solid ethos of tuning in to its workers thoughts, and doesn't have faith in compelling their reasoning. The organization additionally demands recruiting just the individuals who share indistinguishable qualities from its corporate culture and doesn't lay off any of its workers (Thompson and Gamble, 2012) Southwest Airlines Strategy Southwest has sought after a minimal effort, low-value, no nonsense, technique from the very beginning. It made air head out moderate to the mass American populace. Southwest development ticket buy prerequisites are more merciful than rivals and the organization offers profound limits for certain seats bought through its site. The organization offers ‘Business Select’ passages for economy disapproved of business voyagers. This admission offers early boarding benefits to travelers alongside additional Rapid Rewards (Anthony, 2011). Regardless of a large number of its opponents charging extra for add on administrations, such as processing sacks, in-flight snacks, purchasing a ticket face to face from air terminal, expenses for evolving reservations, and so forth., Southwest demands a comprehensive least fare.â Its idea of cost versatility that is, the disintegration of net revenues through contribution most reduced passages in more than remunerated by expands deals volumes is demonstrated to be valid for a large portion of its business sectors. Southwest’s point to point course framework additionally limits associations, deferrals and all out excursion time. Its accentuation on direct trips between pair of urban communities permits 75 % of its travelers to fly constant to their goal. (Thompson and Gamble, 2012; Anthony, 2011) Vital Options In view of the previously mentioned outside and inside investigation of Southwest

Research methodology.research methods Dissertation

Research methodology.research strategies - Dissertation Example There are various styles of research which are practically speaking, including the report study which is exploratory one, the survey study which is investigative and the meeting study which depends on hypothetical perceptions. Archive study is tied in with gathering realities, while meeting and poll strategies are to comprehend individuals’ recognitions in the spellbinding and hypothetical way (Bell, 2010). Meeting research utilizes non-numerical and unstructured information, more than this, it has inquire about inquiries which are increasingly broad toward the beginning, and get explicit as the examination advances (Teddlie, 2009). This part presents three techniques for inquire about; the meeting, the survey, and the report investigate strategies. Besides, the qualities and shortcomings of every one of the strategy will be featured. The section additionally examines the moral implicit rules of the investigation. Presenting the Research Methods (Interview, Document and Questi onnaire) Document Method (Strengths and Weaknesses) First strategy is the record explore which depends on examination of essential and auxiliary archives. The essential archives may incorporate the exploratory information, for example, responses’ information of a specific organization or association. Optional records may incorporate books, periodicals, diary articles and insightful digests which help the scientist to gather auxiliary hypothetical data on the investigation (Johnson and Christensen, 2010). There are two principle wellsprings of information assortment in record inquire about: optional and essential reports (Guest, 2011). Further, the record look into applies two methodologies: source-situated archive research and issue arranged report explore. The source-arranged research implies assortment of the auxiliary records which is to fabricate the ground of the examination - the subject. Then again, issue arranged research alludes to assortment of the essential reports which point is to recognize the issue, goal and reason for look into (Johnson and Christensen, 2010). One shortcomings of report explore is that it involves an enormous arrangement of information from records, which should be sifted through for directing the examination. Separated that, archive technique applies to the HRM emotional examinations and subsequently gives the motivation to the specialist to get it adjusted for its exploration (Teddlie, 2009). The Questionnaire Method (Strengths and Weaknesses) The subsequent normal research technique is the survey which depends on a structured arrangement of shut finished inquiries (Griffith and Layne, 1999). The specialists needed to have a specific point before they apply the poll strategy. As the strategy requires certain goals, they limit the technique with its motivation of use. In addition, as the survey is planned based on close-finished inquiries, it can't create the successful graphic data on the investigation which is the mos t fundamental to direct an examination. The reactions gathered through survey are fixed and not transforming, they are increasingly explicit and less point by point (Griffith and Layne, 1999). Understanding and discoveries in survey are completely founded on measurable elaboration. The more powerful the measurable examination of the investigation is, the more valuable and successful the data will be in the poll to get utilized as discoveries or understanding. The Interview Method (Strengths and Weaknesses) The third versatile strategy is the meeting, which depends on arrangement of topical inquiries and inquiries to be conveyed on interviewees for topical answers. The meeting is in a manner like poll strategy, as it subtleties questions; yet at the same time it varies as it brings engaging data from the respondents (Griffith and Layne, 1999). The meeting rule dependent on a lot of topical inquiries can create gainful data for look into. It can bring changing view of people and furth ermore changing assessments of respondents on a specific subject or topic, which a poll can't do (Griffith and Layne

Essay Writing For Photography

Essay Writing For PhotographyWhat exactly is an essay and why is it so important in photography? Photography is a form of art. The photographic medium has been around for thousands of years. Yet, what most people are interested in is how a photograph comes to be or the elements that have come together to produce it.With regards to photography, the visual aspects are just one of the many elements that make this photographic, artistic medium so fascinating. Most photographs are taken without an audience and there is no prior art planning. All you have to do is remember your childhood and all the beautiful memories you have with your parents, grandparents, friends, or pets.And how do you decide on your subject matter? When I was younger I always thought my photo shoot subjects were just common and ordinary. They were generally people walking down the street and a car driving by. But, as I got older, I began to recognize that all the people on the street, the cars and children, were extr emely ordinary and did not require any special attention to give them a look of life, a 'mood' and personality.That is when I started to think about myself and the photographs I took and what I remembered about them. I realized that in order to tell a story in my own personal photography essay writing, I needed to develop the skills I had developed while photographing my family and friends. I would be better off understanding that when I was actually shooting the events in my mind.Now, I understand that a photographic essay is a very challenging task for any writer. And, like any other difficult activity, there is an element of fun that comes with the task. However, it is important to know that unless you develop your skills, then you will not be able to write a truly successful photography essay. Therefore, if you are looking for fun or entertainment, then the best idea isto pursue other endeavors, or even move on to another hobby or pastime.However, if you want to take the challen ge seriously, then you should turn to an essay writing service. A professional, experienced, essay writing service is a great resource because they have the expertise and skill necessary to write the best photography essay. As a professional, they will have a wealth of knowledge to help you with your subject matter. They can work with you to hone your skills in writing and editing your photographic essay so that you are writing about the photos that were truly meant to be written about.As with any other writing project, essay writing is an art and a part of the photographic essay writing process is deciding on a subject matter. The concept of the photography essay writing process, in most cases, is to research your subject matter and then write about the subjects and events that you have found interesting. In some cases, the focus may be more on documenting a specific event or photograph, rather than trying to write about it.Finally, in the end, it is important to remember that phot ography is an art form and can be used to make more than one photographic or visual essay. By choosing a professional, experienced essay writing service, you can be assured that the written works will be passed on to many readers throughout the world, many of whom will be photographers, artists, and visual thinkers themselves.

Conflict Stress Management - 4611 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION Stress and conflict are two major issues any organisation faces. They are inevitable in all facets of life, be individual or organisational. If not handled well they can be a hindrance for the company performance. Conflict and stress both varies according to the organisation and its culture. But both need to be managed well to avoid unnecessary problems. Conflict is a perception. Surveys show that employees spend as much as 42% of their time engaging in or attempting to resolve conflicts and 20% of managers’ time is taken up by conflict related issues (Gupta, Boyd, Kuzmits, 2011). This valuable time can be utilised in making the organisation a more efficient and an effective one. Organisations which fail to address†¦show more content†¦amp; Vohra N., 2011:441). It is that point in an ongoing activity when an interaction crosses over to become an interparty conflict. Conflict can be seen as good and bad with corresponding positive and negative outcomes where this would all depend on how one views conflict. There are three basics views of conflict. These are the Traditional view, the Interactionist view and Managed conflict view. The traditional view sees conflict as bad and something that must be eliminated through the use of authority. Poor communication, lack of openness and failure to respond to employee needs could be seen as few of the causes. The interactionist view is that conflict is desirable, necessary for high performance teams and should be encouraged. The contemporary view is that conflict is inevitable and it may be positive or negative but it must be managed to be beneficial. Nippon Lanka follows a more interactionist view where conflict is encouraged and the company is of the view that a perfectly cooperative, harmonious group would hinder dynamism, creativity and innovation where a minimal level of conflict is needed to prevent a lacklustre, uninterested attitude among the group. As mentioned earlier, not all conflicts are good, and this view only supports functionalShow MoreRelatedConflict Management and Stress Management: How to Handle Them as an Administrator988 Words   |  4 PagesConflict management and stress management: How to handle them as an administrator Although conflict management and stress management are two distinct topics, they are interrelated. A conflict-ridden workforce can be extremely stressful, and high levels of stress can produce conflict. Both need to be managed for the workplace to function in an effective manner. From an administrators point of view, certain structural reforms can make conflict easier to deal with. Having specific personnel inRead MoreSolving The Workplace After Conflict Management Training1735 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Conflict is an unavoidable part of life and health care is not excluded. The manner in which conflict is resolved has a major impact in the workplace, be it favorable or unfavorable. Conflict can arise at many professional levels in health care from the nursing staff to the physician. Conflict also comes in many forms within the health care system. Stress, personal differences, scarce resources and staffing, and also burnout can lead to conflict in health care (Pavlakis, Kaitelidou,Read MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management1313 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and conflict management both play pivotal roles in all relationships, whether they are between friends, family, lovers, or coworkers. However, while most relationships have an abundance of conflict, the amount of properly implemented conflict management in all relationships is relatively low. This is especially surprising when you consider the sheer amount of research and counseling directed at managing confli ct in constructive ways. Though the aforementioned services and research are ofRead MoreDuring Edps 315, I Have Found Three Lessons That Are Most1729 Words   |  7 PagesDuring EDPS 315, I have found three lessons that are most relevant to me, based on my predicted future career. The first lesson was the topic of motivation. Secondly, I chose to pick emotional regulation and stress management. The last lesson I chose was cultural diversity at the workplace. Since these topics are all very important in STEM majors, especially engineering, I optimistically went on to preparing the interview. These lessons became the fuel for interview questions that I would ask theRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict1700 Words   |  7 Pagesno single, precise definition of the word conflict. 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When things get out of proportion, the sports psychologistRead MoreConflict1233 Words   |  5 PagesConflict and negotiation in the workplace Conflict occurs with two or more people who, despite their first attempts at agreement, do not yet have agreement on a course of action, usually because their values, perspectives and opinions are contradictory in nature. Conflict can occur: 1. Within yourself when you are not living according to your values. 2. When your values and perspectives are threatened. 3. When there is discomfort from fear of the unknown or from lack of fulfillmentRead MoreDefine Functional Versus Dysfunctional Conflict in a Work Group and Explain How You Can Increase Functional Conflict and Decrease Dysfunctional Conflict.1426 Words   |  6 PagesConflict arises when there is some indifference among two parties. In any working group conflict is almost unavoidable. When most people hear the word conflict, they often tend to take the term in negative manner. 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It is important that we, as Human Resource administrators understand that our schools are comprised of employees representing different cultures, backgrounds, races and religious beliefs. We must ensure that we adopt and practice modes of communication that are conducive to the promotion of great teamwork. Conflict can arise from any one or more general sources in the workplace (McShane Von Glinow, 2003). Conflict as it arises should be addressed

HIV Infections in African American Males Essay - 1436 Words

HIV infections in African American Males have been a national growing problem since the early 1990’s. According to CDC, in the United States, there are more than 1 million people living with HIV. 48 percent are afro American males between the ages 13-44(CDC, 2007). It is estimated that around 1 million people in the United States will be diagnose with HIV in the up coming year with the lifetime risk of becoming infected is 1 in 16 for black males (CDC,2007). However, there is growing concern about the disproportionate increase of HIV among adolescent African American males ages 13-19. These adolescent males count for 37 percent of the cases, which double their representation in their general population. Although, Poverty is a major†¦show more content†¦Since the Trans-theoretical model framework is one of the leading intervention for behavior change (Hayden, 2009, p65). To better motivate behavior change towards condom use, a school wide Condom Education Program can be useful when tailoring a group’s intervention that will meet the target population stage of readiness to change regardless of the behavior of focus. The North Carolina Healthy Living Standard Course of study has objectives for growth and development, puberty education, sex education and prevention. Any African American male attending these schools has been educated about HIV causes and prevention. Since, they know the benefits of using condom as a protection and even considering changing. To better approach their behavior change toward condom use, the four most useful constructs are contemplation, preparation, action and self-efficacy. Although, (NIH, 2007) reports that condoms have reduce HIV Transmission by 87-95 percent. To get these African American male students from seeing it to exploring condom use as an option or a benefit is contemplation. 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Indeed theyRead MoreHIV and African Americans Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagescommonly known as (HIV), which is a virus that attacks the immune system of humans by destroying the amount of CD4 cells in their bodies. Without CD4 the human body is unable to fight against diseases, which can lead to Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome known as AIDS for short. The first case of the HIV/AIDS virus in the U.S. occurred in the early 1980’s. The first spark of the virus was found in San Francisco with couple of homosexual Caucasian American males. Today African Americans account for theRead MoreThe Prevention Of Hiv Prevention945 Words    |  4 PagesHIV Prevention There are several ways you can protect yourself and your partner(s) from HIV. Using a condom the correct way and every time you engage in sex, but not everybody uses the methods. If your partner is HIV positive, but you’re negative, then talk to your doctor about taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). 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Gay or bisexual men increase their chance of being exposed to the virus if they have had anal sex without a condom, been diagnosed with an STD during the past 6 months or are in a relationship with an HIV-positive partner. The 2014 HIV in the United States: At A Glance report states, â€Å"†¦ an estimated 44,073 people were diagnosed with HIV infection in the UnitedRead MoreAfrican Americans With Hiv ( Hiv )1462 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans with HIV HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is viral infection that weakens the immune system of the body and eventually causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) the last stage of the disease where a person can die. The virus has plagued the African American communities and continues to disproportionately impact the black race more than any other racial or ethnical group. 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The Second Anxiety Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay - 1594 Words

The third anxiety disorder, anxiety neurosis, is often linked with panic disorder or phobias. Sometimes, a person’s reaction to stress can be so severe that they are incapacitated or immobilized by the anxiety. This is called anxiety neurosis. Anyone affected by this is unable to distinguish between threatening and nonthreatening situations, and thus responds irrationally and in extreme ways, or are completely debilitated (â€Å"Anxiety† par. 53). Other disorders linked with stress and anxiety include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), dissociative disorder, panic disorder, and depression (Evans 192). Depression is a significant problem for teenagers with any type of anxiety disorder. A fourth of all people will struggle with anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder at some point in their life, but 70% of the time, a teenager with anxiety will also have depression (Amen 97). Even for people who are not diagnosed with any type of mental disorder, â€Å"31 percent of teens report feeling overwhelmed as a result of stress, 30 percent say that they feel sad or depressed as a result of stress, and 36 percent report feeling tired or fatigued because of stress† (Gregoire par. 6). Excluding mental disorders, stress can cause behavioral problems in general. Teens often react to stress through anger, disillusionment, distrust, low self-esteem, stomachaches, headaches, panic attacks, or rebellion (Romito par. 3). Other signs of stress include aggression, cooperation, tantrums, and withdrawalShow MoreRelatedThe Psychology Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, also known as OCD, is a disorder that affects about two to three percent of the population (UOCD). Knowing what OCD is and who it affects is just step one in understanding the psychology of this disorder. 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Rather than a false self-diagnosis, if a person believes he or she is suffering from this disorder, he or she should seek out medical attention to receive a proper diagnosis. On top of this, it is beneficial to b ecome educated to get a further understanding of this condition. OCD is a disorder that can beRead MoreHaving Intrusive Thoughts That You Just Seem To Not Be1685 Words   |  7 Pagesabnormal. This does not necessarily mean you have OCD, the disorder OCD is often overused and unnecessary unless diagnosed by a licensed professional. The turning point from normal to abnormal is when these thoughts cause distress and disruptive in that person’s life. There are many different ways OCD can manifest and OCD can be very difficult to deal with, but luckily there are various options for treatment. 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Accounting Theory Theoretical Framework

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Theoryfor Theoretical Framework. Answer: Introduction and the Theoretical Framework Positive accounting research is the branch of accounting research which deals with the actual practices which are applied in the field of accounting. This explains the actual situations in accounting and is in contrast to the concept of normative accounting research under which the most optimal methods of accounting practices are suggested which should ideally be adopted in various circumstances. The positive accounting theory has been propounded by Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman from the University of Rochester. This theory tries to explain the events taking place in the real world situations and makes an attempt to convert them into the accounting transactions. It specifies what actions the accounting firms will take in certain pre identified situations and the reactions of various stakeholders associated with the firms after such a step. The intention of the firms is to maximize the chances of their survival within the industry and thus they make every effort to conduct the ir operations in the most efficient manner. The firms also try to adopt such policies which minimize their cost of operation so as to increase their profitability in the long run. This sometimes leads to the problem of opportunistic behavior under which the management may try to fulfill their own personal interests keeping at stake the objectives of the overall organization. In order to achieve the objectives of positive accounting theory, various methods can be adopted. This includes a change in the overall accounting policies being followed in the firm, managing the accruals effectively; keeping the knowledge up to date about the various changes taking place in the field of finance and accounting and timely implementation of various new accounting standards that are introduced by the accounting board. Methods that help in reducing the overall costs of operation should be adopted to increase the profits of the firm. Also the method of accounting adopted by the firm must be flexible enough to be altered in accordance with the needs of the situation. Aim Behind the Critique The aim behind this critique is to examine the various methods of positive accounting research through the study of an assigned article. This paper is a critical analysis of the article titled Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research written by Paul V Dunmore from the University of Massey, Wellington, New Zealand which is mainly centered on the concept of Positive Accounting Theory or PAT. The research paper broadly discusses the practice of positive accounting research and considers some of the parts of this research to be a part of the overall scientific research projects which are mostly based on the establishment of cause and effect relationships between the various elements in the world. This implies that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction and similarly in the case of accounting practice there also exist a cause and effect relationship. Summary of the Article The author talks about the scientific research projects under which there are various events occurring in the world which are independent in nature. These may be random in nature or may be a result of various circumstances prevailing. The reasons for such events are also random in nature and the people with a normal mind set can easily have an idea of the events occurring by observing them carefully. The observation may not be 100% correct and may have many misconceptions. However, even these observations help in building a cause and effect relationship and in clearly mapping all the casual processes that are occurring in the world. This helps in identifying the cause and effect of various actions taking place in the world. He also discusses the views of the Greeks and the Sophists based on the enquiry they conducted on what the world is all about. He also talks about the well known story in which most of the theologians refused to look through Galileos telescope because they thought most of it was already known and the unexplored part had already been corrupted by the devil spirits. The author is of the view that such thinking process proves to be hurdle in making real advancements in the study about the world. Keeping our knowledge confined to what is already known and not keeping our minds open for the future research becomes a major setback in enhancement of our knowledge about various things. Practical Applicability The author then deals with some examples of positive research in the field of accounting like use of accounting information by the investors before making any investment decisions and also utilization of such information for the development of control systems. There are various stakeholders that are interested in the accounting results of various firms. These include the shareholders; creditors, debtors, suppliers, customers etc. and each one of them have their own personal interest in the accounting information. The author also makes it clear that the concept of positive research is much broader than the term Positive Accounting Theory as propounded by Watts and Zimmerman. He also discusses the concept of agency under which the human beings have free will and while exercising their will they may deviate from the objective behind the research and their behavior would then be located far above from the objectives which are intended behind the research. Our ancestors would not have bee n able to manage their social life along with gathering of food and the development of a settled life if they would have not behaved in the predictable ways. If that would not have been done in the past, we would not have been able to enjoy our lives in the way we do it today and it would have been filled with various difficulties. However, departing our behavior from the pre determined patterns is sometimes beneficial and helps in the discovery of new opportunities which can be utilized for further development. However, each opportunity has many risks associated with it and in a similar manner there are many threats and challenges associated with every new innovation and there are equal chances of failure. Thus, the human behavior varies from person to person and it changes in accordance with the needs of the situations. Criteria used for the Research Analysis The author prefers and explains the Poppers criterion for scientific research instead of using qualitative and quantitative methods for the collection of data as used by most other researchers. The process involves careful observation and then development of ideas on a preliminary basis. This helps in getting a thorough understanding of the various prospects involved with the research. The next step is development of a formal theory on the basis of various evidences available and testing the predictions on the basis of various situations After such an examination is to disregard the ones under which the theory as developed fails or is not operative. This concept is known as falsification of theory. The author also supports the falsification of theory by giving the examples of Pioneer 10 and 11 aircraft which were launched in the 1970s and these were the first among the manmade objects to cross our solar system and enter the interstellar space. But after so many years it has been disc overed that both these objects as travelling at a much slower speed in comparison to the speed predicted by the general relativity theory. The author also examines the weaknesses of statistical hypothesis testing including the problems associated with the technical assumptions on which the research is based. He also suggests that to overcome such limitations, the theories must be developed with sufficient details making each and every aspect very clear so as to arrive at specific predictions which are functional in nature. Suggestions by the Author The author also suggests the requirements for successful positive research program. The models that are developed for testing must be theoretical and should be designed seriously and not in a hurry. They should also be tested as accurately as possible and in case of failures, we should try to learn from them and should avoid the mistakes in the next turn. He explains the development of model through the example of audit fees model developed in another recent article. The author also suggests analytical modeling to be adopted as a specialized activity along with the theoretical modeling. There should be a focus on the measurement of concepts through precise methods rather than just testing as this area is generally ignored in the process of accounting research. Thus the concepts should be defined and measured through ways that are valid and reliable. He also gives the example of the invention of the periodic table by Mendeleev and says that there is always an acute shortage of raw dat a for the development of a good accounting theory. Even after many difficulties we all are very much thankful to Mendeleev for this contribution in the field of science. Also there should be continuous replication of the previous studies that are conducted. This may help in identification of sampling errors in case if any exists in the findings and also identification of the limitations of the previous findings. All this methods when adopted helps in overcoming the previous mistakes and performing better in further research operations. Significance and Limitations of the Article The survey by the author revealed that a wide gap existed between the way positive accounting technique is actually practiced in the real world situations and the way it should have been practiced so that it contributes the most for the intellectual program. There are various variations from the methods that should ideally have been adopted for the research process. The author thus concludes that the existing method of accounting research followed is not up to the mark to conduct the research proposals successfully and has also suggested various methods which can be implemented to conduct the quantitative positive researches more effectively and efficiently. Better theoretical models should be developed and they should be taken seriously. There is also requirement for better measurement so that the models are capable enough to be rigorously tested. He explains that positive accounting research techniques have a lot to offer towards understanding the human behavior much of which is quite unpredictable. The author is of the opinion that there is a need to develop various cause and effect relationships among the various variables in order to conduct the research in the most effective manner. The real world situations are required to be converted in the accounting terms so that these are better expressed in terms of accounting transactions and are capable of being better understood. He states that as currently positive research is practiced in accounting, it is not capable of achieving the scientific objectives. However, positive accounting research in the broader perspective can be considered to be a part of a wider intellectual project of scientific research which intends to clearly examine the cause and effect relationships between various variables. These variables are not constant and changes in accordance to the needs of the situations and the people. Conclusion The article is thus of much significance as it tries to bring out the various aspects of positive accounting research. The author does an examination of the various methods of research adopted by various scholars in this field and mentions the conclusions drawn by each one of them in their research. He also acknowledges the work of each and every scholar. He clearly states both the negative and positive aspects of each and every method that he mentions in his article. The author also identifies various limitations associated with various positive accounting researches and suggests various methods to overcome these limitations. The detailed explanation by the author of various concepts is of much importance for all those who are not very much familiar with the topic. The author has also included various real life examples in the article so as to make it much more practical and easy to understand. The findings of the research are very clear and are capable enough to be implemented in t he real life situations while undergoing various accounting researches. Thus, the article is a complete solution which can be referred while undertaking positive accounting researches. (Paul V Dunmore,2009). Bibliography Dunmore, Paul V, 2009, Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research.