HIV Infections in African American Males Essay - 1436 Words

HIV infections in African American Males have been a national growing problem since the early 1990’s. According to CDC, in the United States, there are more than 1 million people living with HIV. 48 percent are afro American males between the ages 13-44(CDC, 2007). It is estimated that around 1 million people in the United States will be diagnose with HIV in the up coming year with the lifetime risk of becoming infected is 1 in 16 for black males (CDC,2007). However, there is growing concern about the disproportionate increase of HIV among adolescent African American males ages 13-19. These adolescent males count for 37 percent of the cases, which double their representation in their general population. Although, Poverty is a major†¦show more content†¦Since the Trans-theoretical model framework is one of the leading intervention for behavior change (Hayden, 2009, p65). To better motivate behavior change towards condom use, a school wide Condom Education Program can be useful when tailoring a group’s intervention that will meet the target population stage of readiness to change regardless of the behavior of focus. The North Carolina Healthy Living Standard Course of study has objectives for growth and development, puberty education, sex education and prevention. Any African American male attending these schools has been educated about HIV causes and prevention. Since, they know the benefits of using condom as a protection and even considering changing. To better approach their behavior change toward condom use, the four most useful constructs are contemplation, preparation, action and self-efficacy. Although, (NIH, 2007) reports that condoms have reduce HIV Transmission by 87-95 percent. To get these African American male students from seeing it to exploring condom use as an option or a benefit is contemplation. However, a Condom Education Program is placed an inner city high school, whose population is 65 percent Afro-American male. NIH reported data is the goal of the program. The objective is by the end of the year, 45% of Afro American sexual active males areShow MoreRelatedHiv and Aids in the Black Community1140 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: HIV/AIDS in African Americans ​​1 HIV/AIDS in November 15, 2012  Research, Definition, and Statement of HIV/AIDS ​African-Americans are the ethnic group most affected by HIV/AIDS. Ironically african-americans represent 14% of the population of the United States , but represent 44% across the gender line. African-american men represent 70% of HIV infections among the ethnic group, however african-american women are also highly at risk of HIV infection. Indeed theyRead MoreHIV and African Americans Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagescommonly known as (HIV), which is a virus that attacks the immune system of humans by destroying the amount of CD4 cells in their bodies. Without CD4 the human body is unable to fight against diseases, which can lead to Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome known as AIDS for short. The first case of the HIV/AIDS virus in the U.S. occurred in the early 1980’s. The first spark of the virus was found in San Francisco with couple of homosexual Caucasian American males. Today African Americans account for theRead MoreThe Prevention Of Hiv Prevention945 Words    |  4 PagesHIV Prevention There are several ways you can protect yourself and your partner(s) from HIV. Using a condom the correct way and every time you engage in sex, but not everybody uses the methods. If your partner is HIV positive, but you’re negative, then talk to your doctor about taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). 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I assumed the article would focus on abstinence, condom usage, and health promotion related to prevention of STIs. Introduction Maya A. Corneille, Raymond H. Tademy, Mitchelle C. Reid, Faye Z. Belgrave and Aashir NasimRead MoreJacksonville Case Study711 Words   |  3 Pagescities and is composed of a diverse population including African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. This city is a melting pot of tourists and travelers who also visit nearby St. Augustine, the oldest city in Florida. The population, according to the United States Census as of July 1, 2016 is 880,619 (United States Census Bureau [USCB], 2016). The race and Hispanic origins are as follows: Caucasian 59.4%, African American 30.7%, American Indian and Alaska Native 0.4%, and Asian 4.3%. The age and

The Second Anxiety Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay - 1594 Words

The third anxiety disorder, anxiety neurosis, is often linked with panic disorder or phobias. Sometimes, a person’s reaction to stress can be so severe that they are incapacitated or immobilized by the anxiety. This is called anxiety neurosis. Anyone affected by this is unable to distinguish between threatening and nonthreatening situations, and thus responds irrationally and in extreme ways, or are completely debilitated (â€Å"Anxiety† par. 53). Other disorders linked with stress and anxiety include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), dissociative disorder, panic disorder, and depression (Evans 192). Depression is a significant problem for teenagers with any type of anxiety disorder. A fourth of all people will struggle with anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder at some point in their life, but 70% of the time, a teenager with anxiety will also have depression (Amen 97). Even for people who are not diagnosed with any type of mental disorder, â€Å"31 percent of teens report feeling overwhelmed as a result of stress, 30 percent say that they feel sad or depressed as a result of stress, and 36 percent report feeling tired or fatigued because of stress† (Gregoire par. 6). Excluding mental disorders, stress can cause behavioral problems in general. Teens often react to stress through anger, disillusionment, distrust, low self-esteem, stomachaches, headaches, panic attacks, or rebellion (Romito par. 3). Other signs of stress include aggression, cooperation, tantrums, and withdrawalShow MoreRelatedThe Psychology Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, also known as OCD, is a disorder that affects about two to three percent of the population (UOCD). Knowing what OCD is and who it affects is just step one in understanding the psychology of this disorder. The psychological symptoms of OCD can be quite varied which can make it difficult to diagnose. Understanding the therapy techniques and how people with OCD live their daily lives is one of the most vital part in the psychology of OCD. While theRead MoreEssay on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder1389 Words   |  6 PagesObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder, commonly known as OCD, is a type of anxiety disorder and was one of the three original neuroses as defined by Freud. It is characterized by recurrent, persistent, unwanted, and unpleasant thoughts (obsessions) or repetitive, purposeful ritualistic behaviors that the person feels driven to perform (compulsions). 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But more and more often, this disorder is being overused and misdiagnosed unnecessarily. The turning point that changes from normal to abnormal is when these thoughts cause distress and disruption in that person’s life for a substantial period of time. Obsessive- compulsive disorder is a very common disorder that manifests in many different ways and it can be very burdensome

Accounting Theory Theoretical Framework

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Theoryfor Theoretical Framework. Answer: Introduction and the Theoretical Framework Positive accounting research is the branch of accounting research which deals with the actual practices which are applied in the field of accounting. This explains the actual situations in accounting and is in contrast to the concept of normative accounting research under which the most optimal methods of accounting practices are suggested which should ideally be adopted in various circumstances. The positive accounting theory has been propounded by Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman from the University of Rochester. This theory tries to explain the events taking place in the real world situations and makes an attempt to convert them into the accounting transactions. It specifies what actions the accounting firms will take in certain pre identified situations and the reactions of various stakeholders associated with the firms after such a step. The intention of the firms is to maximize the chances of their survival within the industry and thus they make every effort to conduct the ir operations in the most efficient manner. The firms also try to adopt such policies which minimize their cost of operation so as to increase their profitability in the long run. This sometimes leads to the problem of opportunistic behavior under which the management may try to fulfill their own personal interests keeping at stake the objectives of the overall organization. In order to achieve the objectives of positive accounting theory, various methods can be adopted. This includes a change in the overall accounting policies being followed in the firm, managing the accruals effectively; keeping the knowledge up to date about the various changes taking place in the field of finance and accounting and timely implementation of various new accounting standards that are introduced by the accounting board. Methods that help in reducing the overall costs of operation should be adopted to increase the profits of the firm. Also the method of accounting adopted by the firm must be flexible enough to be altered in accordance with the needs of the situation. Aim Behind the Critique The aim behind this critique is to examine the various methods of positive accounting research through the study of an assigned article. This paper is a critical analysis of the article titled Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research written by Paul V Dunmore from the University of Massey, Wellington, New Zealand which is mainly centered on the concept of Positive Accounting Theory or PAT. The research paper broadly discusses the practice of positive accounting research and considers some of the parts of this research to be a part of the overall scientific research projects which are mostly based on the establishment of cause and effect relationships between the various elements in the world. This implies that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction and similarly in the case of accounting practice there also exist a cause and effect relationship. Summary of the Article The author talks about the scientific research projects under which there are various events occurring in the world which are independent in nature. These may be random in nature or may be a result of various circumstances prevailing. The reasons for such events are also random in nature and the people with a normal mind set can easily have an idea of the events occurring by observing them carefully. The observation may not be 100% correct and may have many misconceptions. However, even these observations help in building a cause and effect relationship and in clearly mapping all the casual processes that are occurring in the world. This helps in identifying the cause and effect of various actions taking place in the world. He also discusses the views of the Greeks and the Sophists based on the enquiry they conducted on what the world is all about. He also talks about the well known story in which most of the theologians refused to look through Galileos telescope because they thought most of it was already known and the unexplored part had already been corrupted by the devil spirits. The author is of the view that such thinking process proves to be hurdle in making real advancements in the study about the world. Keeping our knowledge confined to what is already known and not keeping our minds open for the future research becomes a major setback in enhancement of our knowledge about various things. Practical Applicability The author then deals with some examples of positive research in the field of accounting like use of accounting information by the investors before making any investment decisions and also utilization of such information for the development of control systems. There are various stakeholders that are interested in the accounting results of various firms. These include the shareholders; creditors, debtors, suppliers, customers etc. and each one of them have their own personal interest in the accounting information. The author also makes it clear that the concept of positive research is much broader than the term Positive Accounting Theory as propounded by Watts and Zimmerman. He also discusses the concept of agency under which the human beings have free will and while exercising their will they may deviate from the objective behind the research and their behavior would then be located far above from the objectives which are intended behind the research. Our ancestors would not have bee n able to manage their social life along with gathering of food and the development of a settled life if they would have not behaved in the predictable ways. If that would not have been done in the past, we would not have been able to enjoy our lives in the way we do it today and it would have been filled with various difficulties. However, departing our behavior from the pre determined patterns is sometimes beneficial and helps in the discovery of new opportunities which can be utilized for further development. However, each opportunity has many risks associated with it and in a similar manner there are many threats and challenges associated with every new innovation and there are equal chances of failure. Thus, the human behavior varies from person to person and it changes in accordance with the needs of the situations. Criteria used for the Research Analysis The author prefers and explains the Poppers criterion for scientific research instead of using qualitative and quantitative methods for the collection of data as used by most other researchers. The process involves careful observation and then development of ideas on a preliminary basis. This helps in getting a thorough understanding of the various prospects involved with the research. The next step is development of a formal theory on the basis of various evidences available and testing the predictions on the basis of various situations After such an examination is to disregard the ones under which the theory as developed fails or is not operative. This concept is known as falsification of theory. The author also supports the falsification of theory by giving the examples of Pioneer 10 and 11 aircraft which were launched in the 1970s and these were the first among the manmade objects to cross our solar system and enter the interstellar space. But after so many years it has been disc overed that both these objects as travelling at a much slower speed in comparison to the speed predicted by the general relativity theory. The author also examines the weaknesses of statistical hypothesis testing including the problems associated with the technical assumptions on which the research is based. He also suggests that to overcome such limitations, the theories must be developed with sufficient details making each and every aspect very clear so as to arrive at specific predictions which are functional in nature. Suggestions by the Author The author also suggests the requirements for successful positive research program. The models that are developed for testing must be theoretical and should be designed seriously and not in a hurry. They should also be tested as accurately as possible and in case of failures, we should try to learn from them and should avoid the mistakes in the next turn. He explains the development of model through the example of audit fees model developed in another recent article. The author also suggests analytical modeling to be adopted as a specialized activity along with the theoretical modeling. There should be a focus on the measurement of concepts through precise methods rather than just testing as this area is generally ignored in the process of accounting research. Thus the concepts should be defined and measured through ways that are valid and reliable. He also gives the example of the invention of the periodic table by Mendeleev and says that there is always an acute shortage of raw dat a for the development of a good accounting theory. Even after many difficulties we all are very much thankful to Mendeleev for this contribution in the field of science. Also there should be continuous replication of the previous studies that are conducted. This may help in identification of sampling errors in case if any exists in the findings and also identification of the limitations of the previous findings. All this methods when adopted helps in overcoming the previous mistakes and performing better in further research operations. Significance and Limitations of the Article The survey by the author revealed that a wide gap existed between the way positive accounting technique is actually practiced in the real world situations and the way it should have been practiced so that it contributes the most for the intellectual program. There are various variations from the methods that should ideally have been adopted for the research process. The author thus concludes that the existing method of accounting research followed is not up to the mark to conduct the research proposals successfully and has also suggested various methods which can be implemented to conduct the quantitative positive researches more effectively and efficiently. Better theoretical models should be developed and they should be taken seriously. There is also requirement for better measurement so that the models are capable enough to be rigorously tested. He explains that positive accounting research techniques have a lot to offer towards understanding the human behavior much of which is quite unpredictable. The author is of the opinion that there is a need to develop various cause and effect relationships among the various variables in order to conduct the research in the most effective manner. The real world situations are required to be converted in the accounting terms so that these are better expressed in terms of accounting transactions and are capable of being better understood. He states that as currently positive research is practiced in accounting, it is not capable of achieving the scientific objectives. However, positive accounting research in the broader perspective can be considered to be a part of a wider intellectual project of scientific research which intends to clearly examine the cause and effect relationships between various variables. These variables are not constant and changes in accordance to the needs of the situations and the people. Conclusion The article is thus of much significance as it tries to bring out the various aspects of positive accounting research. The author does an examination of the various methods of research adopted by various scholars in this field and mentions the conclusions drawn by each one of them in their research. He also acknowledges the work of each and every scholar. He clearly states both the negative and positive aspects of each and every method that he mentions in his article. The author also identifies various limitations associated with various positive accounting researches and suggests various methods to overcome these limitations. The detailed explanation by the author of various concepts is of much importance for all those who are not very much familiar with the topic. The author has also included various real life examples in the article so as to make it much more practical and easy to understand. The findings of the research are very clear and are capable enough to be implemented in t he real life situations while undergoing various accounting researches. Thus, the article is a complete solution which can be referred while undertaking positive accounting researches. (Paul V Dunmore,2009). Bibliography Dunmore, Paul V, 2009, Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research.

Albert Einstein, Developer of the Theory of Relativity

Albert Einstein, Developer of the Theory of Relativity Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879–April 18, 1955), a German-born theoretical physicist who lived during the 20th century, revolutionized scientific thought. Having developed the Theory of Relativity, Einstein opened the door for the development of atomic power and the creation of the atomic bomb. Einstein is best known for his 1905 general theory of relativity, Emc2, which posits that energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. But his influence went far beyond that theory. Einsteins theories also changed thinking about how the planets revolve around the sun. For his scientific contributions, Einstein also won the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics. Einstein also was forced to Flee Nazi Germany after the rise of Adolf Hitler. Its no exaggeration to say that his theories indirectly helped lead the Allies to victory over the Axis powers in World War II, particularly the defeat of Japan. Fast Facts: Albert Einstein Known For: The General Theory of Relativity, Emc2, which led to the development of the atomic bomb and atomic power.Born: March 14, 1879 in Ulm,  Kingdom of Wà ¼rttemberg,  German EmpireParents: Hermann Einstein and Pauline KochDied: April 18, 1955 in Princeton, New JerseyEducation: Swiss Federal Polytechnic (1896–1900, B.A., 1900; University of Zurich, Ph.D., 1905)Published Works: On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, Does an Object’s Inertia Depend on Its Energy Content?Awards and Honors: Barnard Medal (1920), Nobel Prize in Physics (1921), Matteucci Medal (1921), Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1926), Max Planck Medal (1929), Time Person of the Century (1999)Spouses: Mileva Marić (m. 1903–1919), Elsa Là ¶wenthal (m. 1919–1936)Children: Lieserl, Hans Albert Einstein, EduardNotable Quote: Try and penetrate with our limited means the secrets of na ture and you will find that, behind all the discernible concatenations, there remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Early Life and Education Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany to Jewish parents, Hermann and Pauline Einstein. A year later, Hermann Einsteins business failed and he moved his family to Munich to start a new electric business with his brother Jakob. In Munich, Alberts sister Maja was born in 1881. Only two years apart in age, Albert adored his sister and they had a close relationship with each other their whole lives. Although Einstein is now considered the epitome of genius, in the first two decades of his life, many people thought Einstein was the exact opposite. Right after Einstein was born, relatives were concerned with Einsteins pointy head. Then, when Einstein didnt talk until he was 3 years old, his parents worried something was wrong with him. Einstein also failed to impress his teachers. From elementary school through college, his teachers and professors thought he was lazy, sloppy, and insubordinate. Many of his teachers thought he would never amount to anything. When Einstein was 15 years old, his fathers new business had failed and the Einstein family moved to Italy. At first, Albert remained behind in Germany to finish high school, but he was soon unhappy with that arrangement and left school to rejoin his family. Rather than finish high school, Einstein decided to apply directly to the prestigious Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, Switzerland. Although he failed the entrance exam on the first try, he spent a year studying at a local high school and retook the entrance exam in October 1896 and passed. Once at the Polytechnic, Einstein again did not like school. Believing that his professors only taught old science, Einstein would often skip class, preferring to stay home and read about the newest in scientific theory. When he did attend class, Einstein would often make it obvious that he found the class dull. Some last-minute studying allowed Einstein to graduate in 1900. However, once out of school, Einstein was unable to find a job because none of his teachers liked him enough to write him a recommendation letter. For nearly two years, Einstein worked at short-term jobs until a friend was able to help him get a job as a patent clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. Finally, with a job and some stability, Einstein was able to marry his college sweetheart, Mileva Maric, whom his parents strongly disapproved. The couple went on to have two sons: Hans Albert (born 1904) and Eduard (born 1910). Einstein the Patent Clerk For seven years, Einstein worked six days a week as a patent clerk. He was responsible for examining the blueprints of other peoples inventions and then determining whether they were feasible. If they were, Einstein had to ensure that no one else had already been given a patent for the same idea. Somehow, between his very busy work and family life, Einstein not only found time to earn a doctorate from the University of Zurich (awarded 1905) but found time to think. It was while working at the patent office that Einstein made his most influential discoveries. Influential Theories In 1905, while working at the patent office, Einstein wrote five scientific papers, which were all published in the Annalen der Physik (Annals of Physics, a major physics journal). Three of these were published together in September 1905. In one paper, Einstein theorized that light must not just travel in waves but existed as particles, which explained the photoelectric effect. Einstein himself described this particular theory as revolutionary. This was also the theory for which Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. In another paper, Einstein tackled the mystery of why pollen never settled to the bottom of a glass of water but rather, kept moving (Brownian motion). By declaring that the pollen was being moved by water molecules, Einstein solved a longstanding, scientific mystery and proved the existence of molecules. His third paper described Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity, in which Einstein revealed that space and time are not absolutes. The only thing that is constant, Einstein stated, is the speed of light; the rest of space and time are all based on the position of the observer. Not only are space and time not absolutes, Einstein discovered that energy and mass, once thought completely distinct items, were actually interchangeable. In his Emc2  equation (Eenergy, mmass, and cspeed of light), Einstein created a simple formula to describe the relationship between energy and mass. This formula reveals that a very small amount of mass can be converted into a huge amount of energy, leading to the later invention of the atomic bomb. Einstein was only 26 years old when these articles were published and already he had done more for science than any individual since Sir Isaac Newton. Scientists Take Notice In 1909, four years after his theories were first published, Einstein was finally offered a teaching position. Einstein enjoyed being a teacher at the University of Zurich. He had found traditional schooling as he grew up extremely limiting and thus he wanted to be a different kind of teacher. Arriving at school unkempt, with hair uncombed and his clothes too baggy, Einstein soon became known as much for his appearance as his teaching style. As Einsteins fame within the scientific community grew, offers for new, better positions began to pour in. Within only a few years, Einstein worked at the University of Zurich (Switzerland), then the German University in Prague (Czech Republic), and then went back to Zurich for the Polytechnic Institute. The frequent moves, the numerous conferences that Einstein attended, and preoccupation of Einstein with science left Mileva (Einsteins wife) feeling both neglected and lonely. When Einstein was offered a professorship at the University of Berlin in 1913, she didnt want to go. Einstein accepted the position anyway. Not long after arriving in Berlin, Mileva and Albert separated. Realizing the marriage could not be salvaged, Mileva took the kids back to Zurich. They officially divorced in 1919. Achieves Worldwide Fame During  World War I, Einstein stayed in Berlin and worked diligently on new theories. He worked like a man obsessed. With Mileva gone, he often forgot to eat and sleep. In 1917, the stress eventually took its toll and he collapsed. Diagnosed with gallstones, Einstein was told to rest. During his recuperation, Einsteins cousin Elsa helped nurse him back to health. The two became very close and when Alberts divorce was finalized, Albert and Elsa married. It was during this time that Einstein revealed his General Theory of Relativity, which considered the effects of acceleration and gravity on time and space. If Einsteins theory was correct, then the gravity of the sun would bend light from stars. In 1919, Einsteins General Theory of Relativity could be tested during a solar eclipse. In May 1919, two British astronomers (Arthur Eddington and Sir Frances Dyson) were able to put together an expedition that observed the  solar eclipse  and documented the bent light. In November 1919, their findings were announced publicly. After having suffered monumental bloodshed during World War I, people around the world were craving news that went beyond their countrys borders. Einstein became a worldwide celebrity overnight. It wasnt just his revolutionary theories; it was Einsteins general persona that appealed to the masses. Einsteins disheveled hair, poorly fitting clothes, doe-like eyes, and witty charm endeared him to the average person. He was a genius, but he was an approachable one. Instantly famous, Einstein was hounded by reporters and photographers wherever he went. He was given honorary degrees and asked to visit countries around the world. Albert and Elsa took trips to the United States, Japan, Palestine (now Israel), South America, and throughout Europe. Becomes an Enemy of the State Although Einstein spent the 1920s traveling and making special appearances, these took away from the time he could work on his scientific theories. By the early 1930s, finding time for science wasnt his only problem. The political climate in Germany was changing drastically. When  Adolf Hitler  took power in 1933, Einstein was luckily visiting the United States (he never returned to Germany). The Nazis promptly declared Einstein an enemy of the state, ransacked his house, and burned his books. As death threats began, Einstein finalized his plans to take a position at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey. He arrived at Princeton on Oct. 17, 1933. Einstein suffered a personal loss when Elsa died on Dec. 20, 1936. Three years later, Einsteins sister Maja fled from  Mussolinis Italy  and came to live with Einstein in Princeton. She stayed until her death in 1951. Until the Nazis took power in Germany, Einstein had been a devoted pacifist for his entire life. However, with the harrowing tales coming out of Nazi-occupied Europe, Einstein reevaluated his pacifist ideals. In the case of the Nazis, Einstein realized they needed to be stopped, even if that meant using military might to do so. The Atomic Bomb In July 1939, scientists  Leo Szilard  and Eugene Wigner visited Einstein to discuss the possibility that Germany was working on building an atomic bomb. The ramifications of Germany building such a destructive weapon prompted Einstein to write a letter to  President Franklin D. Roosevelt  to warn him about this potentially massive weapon. In response, Roosevelt established the  Manhattan Project, a collection of U.S. scientists urged to beat Germany to the construction of a working atomic bomb. Even though Einsteins letter prompted the Manhattan Project, Einstein himself never worked on constructing the atomic bomb. Later Years and Death From 1922 until the end of his life, Einstein worked on finding a unified field theory. Believing that God does not play dice, Einstein searched for a single, unified theory that could combine all the fundamental forces of physics between elementary particles. Einstein never found it. In the years after World War II, Einstein advocated for a world government and for civil rights. In 1952, after the death of Israels first President Chaim Weizmann, Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel. Realizing that he was not good at politics and too aged to start something new, Einstein declined the offer. On April 12, 1955, Einstein collapsed at his home. Just six days later, on April 18, 1955, Einstein died when the aneurysm he had been living with for several years finally burst. He was 76 years old. Resources and Further Reading â€Å"The Year Of Albert Einstein.†Ã‚  Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 1 June 2005.â€Å"Albert Einstein.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 14 Feb. 2019.Kuepper, Hans-Josef. â€Å"The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein.†Ã‚  Albert Einstein - Honours, Prizes and Awards.

Timeline of the Ancient Maya

Timeline of the Ancient Maya The Maya were an advanced Mesoamerican civilization living in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and northern Honduras. Unlike the Inca or the Aztecs, the Maya were not one unified empire, but rather a series of powerful city-states that often allied with or warred upon one another. Maya civilization peaked around 800 A.D. or so before falling into decline. By the time of the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century, the Maya were rebuilding, with powerful city-states rising once again, but the Spanish defeated them. The descendants of the Maya still live in the region and many of them continue to practice cultural traditions such as language, dress, cuisine, and religion. The Maya Preclassic Period (1800–300 BCE) People first arrived in Mexico and Central America millennia ago, living as hunter-gatherers in the rain forests and volcanic hills of the region. They first began developing cultural characteristics associated with the Maya civilization around 1800 BCE on Guatemalas western coast. By 1000 BCE the Maya had spread throughout the lowland forests of southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The Maya of the Preclassic period lived in small villages in basic homes and dedicated themselves to subsistence agriculture. The major cities of the Maya, such as Palenque, Tikal, and Copn, were established during this time and began to prosper. Basic trade was developed, linking the city-states and facilitating cultural exchange. The Late Preclassic Period (300 BCE–300 CE) The late Maya Preclassic Period lasted roughly from 300 B.C. to 300 A.D. and is marked by developments in Maya culture. Great temples were constructed: their facades were decorated with stucco sculptures and paint. Long-distance trade flourished, particularly for luxury items such as jade and obsidian. Royal tombs dating from this time are more elaborate than those from the early and middle Preclassic periods and often contained offerings and treasures. The Early Classic Period (300 CE–600 CE) The Classic Period is considered to have begun when the Maya began carving ornate, beautiful stelae (stylized statues of leaders and rulers) with dates given in the Maya long count calendar. The earliest date on a Maya stela is 292 CE (at Tikal) and the latest is 909 CE (at Tonina). During the early Classic Period (300–600 CE), the Maya continued developing many of their most important intellectual pursuits, such as astronomy, mathematics, and architecture. During this time, the city of Teotihuacn, located near Mexico City, exerted a great influence on the Maya city-states, as is shown by the presence of pottery and architecture done in the Teotihuacn style. The Late Classic Period (600–900) The Maya late Classic Period marks the high point of Maya culture. Powerful city-states like Tikal and Calakmul dominated the regions around them and art, culture and religion reached their peaks. The city-states warred, allied with, and traded with one another. There may have been as many as 80 Maya city-states during this time. The cities were ruled by an elite ruling class and priests who claimed to be directly descended from the Sin, Moon, stars, and planets. The cities held more people than they could support, so trade for food, as well as luxury items, was brisk. The ceremonial ball game was a feature of all Maya cities. The Postclassic Period (800–1546) Between 800 and 900 A.D., the major cities in the southern Maya region all fell into decline and were mostly or completely abandoned. There are several theories as to why this occurred: historians tend to believe that it was excessive warfare, overpopulation, an ecological disaster or a combination of these factors that brought down the Maya civilization. In the north, however, cities like Uxmal and Chichen Itza prospered and developed. War was still a persistent problem: many of the Maya cities from this time were fortified. Sacbes, or Maya highways, were constructed and maintained, indicating that trade continued to be important. Maya culture continued: all four of the surviving Maya codices were produced during the Postclassic period. The Spanish Conquest (ca. 1546) By the time the Aztec Empire rose in Central Mexico, the Maya were rebuilding their civilization. The city of Mayapan in Yucatn became an important city, and cities and settlements on the eastern coast of the Yucatn prospered. In Guatemala, ethnic groups such as the Quichà © and Cachiquels once again built cities and engaged in trade and warfare. These groups came under the control of the Aztecs as a sort of vassal states. When Hernn Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521, he learned of the existence of these powerful cultures to the far south and he sent his most ruthless lieutenant, Pedro de Alvarado, to investigate and conquer them. Alvarado did so, subduing one city-state after another, playing on regional rivalries just as Cortes had done. At the same time, European diseases such as measles and smallpox decimated the Maya population. Colonial and Republican Eras The Spanish essentially enslaved the Maya, dividing their lands up among the conquistadors and bureaucrats who came to rule in the Americas. The Maya suffered greatly in spite of the efforts of some enlightened men like Bartolomà © de Las Casas who argued for their rights in Spanish courts. The native people of southern Mexico and northern Central America were reluctant subjects of the Spanish Empire and bloody rebellions were common. With Independence coming in the early nineteenth century, the situation of the average indigenous native of the region changed little. They were still repressed and still chafed at it: when the Mexican-American War broke out (1846–1848) ethnic Maya in Yucatn took up arms, kicking off the bloody Caste War of Yucatan in which hundreds of thousands were killed. The Maya Today Today, the descendants of the Maya still live in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and northern Honduras. Many continue to hold to their traditions, such as speaking their native languages, wearing traditional clothes and practicing indigenous forms of the religion. In recent years, they have won more freedoms, such as the right to practice their religion openly. They are also learning to cash in on their culture, selling handicrafts at native markets and promoting tourism to their regions: with this newfound wealth from tourism is coming political power. The most famous Maya today is probably the Quichà © Indian Rigoberta Menchà º, winner of the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize. She is a well-known activist for native rights and occasional presidential candidate in her native Guatemala. Interest in Maya culture was at an all-time high in 2010, as the Maya calendar was set to reset in 2012, prompting many to speculate about the end of the world. Sources Aldana y Villalobos, Gerardo and Edwin L. Barnhart (eds.) Archaeoastronomy and the Maya. Eds. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014. Martin, Simon, and Nicolai Grube. Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames and Hudson, 2008. McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Reprint edition, W. W. Norton Company, July 17, 2006. Sharer, Robert J. The Ancient Maya. 6th ed. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2006.

Text messaging to personal conversation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Text messaging to personal conversation - Essay Example Obviously, it does make an ample difference to get in touch in a conservative manner of having to appoint time to see the other party over the modern option of considering a couple of key punches to transmit message of intent for quick access to info in return no matter how considerable the distance on both ends could get. Why indeed would a side of growing population opt for the habit of text messaging more than conversing on a personal level? Based upon experience, it is often observed that text messaging to some extent creates the equivalent of getting one to be in two dimensions at the same time. Besides saving time of travel and efforts associated with it on seeing someone in person, one could be spared of the hassle of being confronted with awkward issues the person may feel reluctant to readily address. Since plain texts are all that an individual receives on one side, he might find it very likely to give benefit of the doubt to the other whose picture of the situation is only perceived in part. The texting party also gains the advantage of editing text content according to the impression he would like his textmate to have or adjust with. So he is likewise able to free himself of regrets at erring with certain words he would later suppose should have been held back or given further thought. On considering the personal mode of communication when two persons gather in a setting instead of necessitating to confine dialogues within standardized communication protocols, it becomes conducive to exchange ideas. With personal conversation, there comes ease of comprehending details because people are involved with depth and sense of continuity as they instantly track stimuli which to respond to from each one. Whether a response is appropriate or favorable may be detected through the person’s manner of talking, tone, facial expressions, and other gestures from which to completely interpret utterances and behavior

Troubling Short and Long-Term Violent Media Effects on Children Essay

Troubling Short and Long-Term Violent Media Effects on Children - Essay Example The two articles provide compelling evidence that violent media has significant short-term and long-term effects on children’s development of aggressive thoughts, emotions, and actions, regardless of gender, socioeconomic status, intelligence, and parenting styles and characteristics. The two articles are similar in examining the effects of violent media on children. Anderson and Bushman conducted a meta-analysis on studies that investigated the impacts of playing video games on aggression, physiological arousal, or prosocial behaviour. They wanted to know if playing violent media is connected to aggressive thoughts, emotions, or actions, or all of the above, and what the underlying mechanisms are for these connections. Huesmann et al. also studied the effect of violent media on children, particularly how watching violent TV in childhood affected later young adult aggression. They conducted a follow-up study of the 1977 longitudinal study that the authors did on 557 children w ho lived in Chicago. They considered other factors too that can explain the media-behaviour relationship, including preference for violence and third variables. These two articles are both interested in studying the effects of media violence on children’s aggression levels. Though these studies share similar general research topics on violent media effects on children, the two articles are different in their research designs because Anderson and Bushman used a meta-analysis design, while Huesmann et al. continued their longitudinal study.